FD Ka Byaj Kaise Banta Hai (सावधि जमा)
Fixed Deposit — jise Hindi me सावधि जमा kehte hain — Bharat ka sabse bharosemand bachat ka tareeka hai. Par ek sawaal hamesha uljhata hai: bank 7% keh raha hai, phir maturity par jo mila wo 7% se thoda zyada kaise nikla? Jawab chhupa hai compounding me. Ye page FD ke byaj ka poora ganit saaf karta hai.
FD me byaj judta kaise hai
FD me paisa ek tay samay ke liye bank me rakha jaata hai aur uspar pehle se tay dar par byaj milta hai. Par byaj saal ke aakhir me ek baar nahi judta — zyadatar bank har teen mahine (quarterly) me jodte hain.
Iska matlab ye hua ki pehle teen mahine ka byaj mool rakam me jud jaata hai, aur agle teen mahine me us badhi hui rakam par byaj banta hai. Yahi cheez baar-baar hoti rehti hai. Isi wajah se aapka asli return bataye gaye rate se thoda zyada nikalta hai — ise "effective yield" kehte hain.
P = jama rakam, r = saalana byaj dar (decimal me), n = saal.
Yahan 4 ka matlab hai saal me chaar baar byaj judna.
Agar koi bank saalana compounding kare to 4 ki jagah 1 aayega, aur mahine wale me 12. Jitni baar byaj judta hai, nateeja utna hi thoda behtar hota hai.
Ek asli misaal — kadam dar kadam
Maan lijiye ₹1,00,000 ki FD, 7% saalana, 5 saal, quarterly compounding.
Har quarter ka byaj = 7% ÷ 4 = 1.75%. Kul quarter = 5 × 4 = 20.
Pehla quarter: 1,00,000 × 1.0175 = ₹1,01,750
Dusra quarter: 1,01,750 × 1.0175 = ₹1,03,530
Teesra quarter: 1,03,530 × 1.0175 = ₹1,05,342
aur aise hi 20 quarter tak...
20 quarter baad maturity lagbhag ₹1,41,478 banti hai. Yaani byaj kareeb ₹41,478.
Agar wahi 7% simple interest hota to byaj sirf ₹35,000 hota. Farak ₹6,478 ka — sirf isliye ki byaj baar-baar judta raha. Yahi compounding ki taakat hai, aur samay badhne par ye farak aur bada hota jaata hai.
Cumulative aur non-cumulative me farak
Bank do tarah ki FD dete hain, aur bahut se log inhe samajhe bina chun lete hain.
Cumulative FD. Byaj beech me nahi milta — jud kar mool me shaamil hota rehta hai aur poora paisa maturity par ek saath milta hai. Isme compounding ka poora faayda milta hai. Jinhe mahine ki aay nahi chahiye, unke liye yahi behtar hai.
Non-cumulative FD. Byaj har mahine, teen mahine ya saal me nikal kar aapke khaate me aa jaata hai. Isme compounding nahi hoti, kyunki byaj wapas nivesh hi nahi hota. Retire log jinhe har mahine kharche ke liye paisa chahiye, wo yahi chunte hain.
| Baat | Cumulative | Non-cumulative |
|---|---|---|
| Byaj kab milega | Maturity par | Har mahine/quarter |
| Compounding | Haan | Nahi |
| Kul return | Zyada | Thoda kam |
| Kiske liye | Paisa badhana ho | Mahine ki aay chahiye |
Ek hi rate par cumulative FD hamesha zyada deti hai. ₹5 lakh, 7%, 5 saal — cumulative me lagbhag ₹7.07 lakh milte hain, jabki monthly payout me har mahine kareeb ₹2,900 aata hai aur aakhir me mool ₹5 lakh wapas.
TDS aur tax ka hisaab
FD ka byaj poori tarah taxable hai. Wo aapki income me judta hai aur aapke slab ke hisaab se tax lagta hai. Ye baat bahut log nahi jaante aur maturity par chaunk jaate hain.
Bank ek tay seema se zyada byaj hone par TDS kaat leta hai. Seniors ke liye ye seema aam taur par zyada hoti hai. TDS katna iska matlab ye nahi ki tax poora ho gaya — agar aapka slab zyada hai to ITR bharte waqt aur tax dena pad sakta hai, aur agar kam hai to refund mil sakta hai.
Agar aapki kul income tax ke daayre me aati hi nahi, to saal ki shuruaat me bank ko Form 15G (senior citizen ke liye 15H) de dein. Isse TDS nahi katta aur refund ke liye intezaar nahi karna padta. Ye form har saal dena hota hai, ek baar nahi.
Ek chhoti si baat jo bahut kaam ki hai — TDS kaate jaane par Form 26AS aur AIS me wo dikhta hai. ITR bharte waqt wahan se milaan kar lein, taaki kuch chhoot na jaaye.
FD chunte waqt 6 baatein
1. Sirf dar mat dekhein. Kuch chhote bank zyada dar dete hain, par bharosa aur suvidha bhi dekhein.
2. Insurance ki seema. Har bank me jama par ₹5 lakh tak DICGC ka bima hota hai (mool aur byaj milakar). Bada paisa ho to do-teen bank me baant dein.
3. Senior citizen ki extra dar. Zyadatar bank 0.5% extra dete hain. Ghar me buzurg hain to unke naam FD karana samajhdaari hai.
4. Todne par penalty. FD beech me todne par penalty lagti hai aur byaj us samay tak ki chhoti dar par milta hai. Isliye ek badi FD ki jagah kai chhoti FD banayein — zaroorat par sirf ek todni padegi.
5. Auto-renewal dekhein. Kai FD apne aap renew ho jaati hain, kabhi kam dar par. Form bharte waqt ye vikalp dhyan se chunein.
6. Nominee zaroor bharein. Ye sabse chhota kaam hai aur sabse zyada kaam aata hai. Baad me jodne me kaagzi jhanjhat badh jaata hai.
FD, RD aur mehngai
FD ka sabse bada faayda ye hai ki return pehle se pakka hota hai aur market ka koi asar nahi padta. Emergency fund, 1-3 saal ke lakshya aur buzurgon ke paise ke liye ye sabse theek jagah hai.
Par ek kami bhi hai. Agar FD 7% de rahi hai aur mehngai 6% hai, to aapki asli badhotri sirf lagbhag 1% hai — aur tax ke baad wo aur kam ho jaati hai. Isi liye 10-20 saal ke lambe lakshya ke liye akeli FD par nirbhar rehna paise ko peechhe chhod deta hai.
RD se tulna karein to farak samay ka hai. FD me poora paisa pehle din se kaam karta hai, jabki RD me har kist alag samay se shuru hoti hai. Isi liye ek hi rakam aur dar par FD ka byaj RD se zyada nikalta hai. Dono ki jagah alag hai — ek saath paisa ho to FD, har mahine bachat ho to RD.
Sawaal-jawab
FD ka byaj kaise calculate hota hai?
Zyadatar bank quarterly compounding karte hain — formula A = P × (1 + r/4)^(4n).
Quarterly compounding ka matlab kya hai?
Har teen mahine me byaj mool rakam me jud jaata hai aur agle quarter me badhi hui rakam par byaj banta hai.
₹1 lakh par 7% FD me 5 saal me kitna milega?
Quarterly compounding ke saath lagbhag ₹1,41,478 — yaani kareeb ₹41,478 byaj.
Kya FD ka byaj tax-free hota hai?
Nahi. FD ka byaj poori tarah taxable hai aur aapke slab ke hisaab se tax lagta hai.
TDS kaise bachayein?
Agar aapki income tax ke daayre me nahi aati to saal ki shuruaat me bank ko Form 15G (senior citizen ke liye 15H) dein.
Cumulative aur non-cumulative FD me kya farak hai?
Cumulative me byaj maturity par ek saath milta hai aur compounding hoti hai. Non-cumulative me byaj har mahine ya quarter me nikal jaata hai.
FD beech me todne par kya hota hai?
Penalty lagti hai aur byaj us samay tak ki chhoti dar par milta hai, poori avadhi wali dar par nahi.